The Rise and Decline of the Roman Republic

R. Griffin Professor terrycloth HIST 101 26 May 2010 The Rise and Decline of the roman letters country To this twenty-four hours, there have been few g overnmental declines comparable to that of the papistical Republic. at a time a thriving republic with an ceremonious system of political sympathies, capital of Italy was the kickoff society in which any free citizen could have a say, instantaneously or in direct, in governmental actions and decisions. For years, this stability of the government corresponded to several con followings, and the afterlife of the Republic appeared to be very bright however, increasing stinting, social, and semipolitical issues toroid apart a government, which appeared to be f legal philosophyless.The counterbalancets that directly led to Romes relapse from a thriving republic years frontward of its time, with divided power and stability, to a chaotic system of government consisting of dictators and buy at turmoil provide a clear example of the misuse of power by several individuals. This seek will let off the events and circumstances that directly lead to the decline of the roman republic. By 287 B. C. Rome had created a governmental system years ahead of its time. Rome modified this political system several times over the years in order to deal with internal conflicts and managed to establish a complex, yet organized government. The papistics had a clear concept of executive authority, corporal in their word, imperium, or the right to command (Spielvogel 117). Atop the chain of command were the two consuls and praetor. These elected officials served one-year terms, with the consuls having a military focus and the praetor having a political focus. As the papist republic expanded, pro-praetors and pro-consuls, who previously served as consuls and praetors, were in addition appointed to govern the Roman provinces. Furtherto a greater extent, Administrators, or officials with specialized duties helped assistin g the Consuls and Praetor. Quaestors were in trip of overseeing financial affairs.Aediles supervised the games. Also, Censors were appointed to gather an assessment of the population. The main suggest of establishing this position was to aid in formulating taxes. A major modification that grumose Rome as a governed republic was the addition of the senate. It consisted of three century advising elders who served life-long terms. Since they did not have legislative authority, they could not fall upon laws. Finally, the Centuriate Assembly contained elevated ranking Roman army officers functioning in a political role. By any reasonable standards the constitution worked smoothly.There was no interruption in the annual election of office holders, and not a single Roman is known to have been killed, or even injured, in political wildness during the period (Millar 2). The Roman population consisted of the Patricians and Plebeians, with the plebs being the absolute majority. The Pleb eians, who were underprivileged and poor, opposed the depressed patricians because they did not have the same rights as them. Moreover, the patricians controlled the entire government, and the hard-working farmers and small landowners of the vernacular group could not hold office and have someone to make up them politically.When the plebs became tired of the inequality of the government they essentially went on strike and odd Rome. The patricians, realizing that they could not def break Rome by themselves, were compel to compromise. Two sweet officials known as the tribunes of the plebs were instituted. These tribunes were given the power to protect the vulgars from arrest by patrician magistrates. Moreover, a new popular assembly for plebeians only, called the council of the plebs, was created in 471 B. C. (Spievogel 118). This allowed the plebs to make governmental proposals, but they still did not have a straightforward voice in the government.For the next two hundred se ven years, more rights were granted to plebeians, and by 287 B. C. all Roman citizens were equal under the law, and could seek for political office (Spievogel 120). By now the republic had adopted the Plebiscite, which were laws created by the plebs. For the next one hundred fifty-four years, the Roman Republic thrived, qualification several conquests, while also establishing allies. Rome and its neighbors of the Italian peninsula were seemingly in a constant feud, which eventually led to a series of battles and wars and by 267 B. C. the Romans completed their conquest of southern Italy. After crushing the remaining Etruscan states to the north, Rome had conquered all of Italy, except the extreme north, by 264 B. C. (Spievogel 120). Rome also established umpteen allies along the way To rule Italy, the Romans devised the Roman union in 338 B. C. Under this system, Rome allowed some peoples (especially the Latins) to have full Roman citizenship. Most of the remaining communities were made allies (Spievogel 120). With the use of these allies and the right on Roman army, the Romans faced little opposition in conquering Italy. In the course of their expansion throughout Italy, the Romans pursued consistent policies that help explain their success. The Romans excelled at making the correct diplomatic decisions. Though firm and even cruel when necessary, rebellions were crushed without mercy (Spievogel 120). Incorporating similar strategy that they used in conquering the Italian peninsula, the Romans success continued in their conquest of the majority vast Mediterranean islands and coastlines. Among these conquests were the islands of Corsica and Sardinia, Spain, Macedonia, Carthage, and Pergamum.At this point, almost the entire Mediterranean Sea was controlled Roman Republic, while the government and military continued to be run rough-and-readyly, however things would soon change. According to Spievogel, due to a snowball effect of social, economic and polit ical issues the decline and fall of the Roman Republic began around 133 B. C. As previously stated, the plebeians and patricians were eventually made equal in all aspects of Roman government and livelihood however the magistracies and senate were increasingly controlled by a relatively select circle of wealthy and powerful families both patrician and plebeian called the nobles.From 233 133 B. C. , eighty percent of the consuls came from twenty- six-spot families (Spievogel 134). The voice of the public was becoming muted, which is everlastingly a gateway to rebellion and uprising. Like most civilizations before them, the Romans were reinforced on agriculture and farming by individual landowners. These farmers made up the majority of the Roman army as well. In order to further the Punic wars, Rome had to increase the term of military service to six years.Now when the soldiers returned after many years of service abroad, they found their farms so deteriorated, that they chose to care out instead of remaining on the land (Spievogel 136). The aristocrats also began to roll this land and hired slaves to produce a variety of crops that the independent farmers couldnt make do with. Farmers continued to lose money and property. Consequently, the cities became crowded with these ex-farmers, serving as day laborers. This new class of urban proletariat formed a exceedingly unsustainable mass.Thus Romes economic, social, and political problems were serious and needed attention (Spievogel 136). Tiberius Gracchus wanted to fix the increment problem of landless farmers in Rome, thinking it would solve many of the issues create Romes decline. When he was elected as one of the tribunes of the plebs, he passed a write up whereby the government would divide the public land, used by large landowners, among the landless farmers. Many senators, themselves large landowners whose estates included tracts of public land, were furious, and a group of them took the law into their own hands and assassinated Tiberius (Spievogel 136).The death of Tiberius marked the beginning of the end of the Roman Republic. For the next one hundred years, the chaotic Roman government saw more assassinations, dictators, and rebellions. An excerpt from Julius Caesar reads, Our first glimpse of Caesars Rome shows the tribunes, whose antediluvian office had been established to protect the people against the nobilitys arrogance, now apparently forced to defend the republic against the people themselves (Blits 42).Although Rome revolutionized government with a complex, and effective system that is still used as a basis for many governments, it proved to be vulnerable to increasing economic, social, and political issues, which brought about the republics destruction. These events that directly led to Romes relapse from a thriving democracy years ahead of its time, with divided power and stability, to a chaotic system of government consisting of dictators and frequent turmoil provide a clear example of the overzealous quest for and misuse of power by several individuals.Sources Blits, Jan H. Caesarism and the End of republican Rome Julius Caesar, Act I, Scene I. The Journal of Politics 43. 1 (1981) 40-55. JSTOR. Web. 25 May 2010. Millar, Fergus. The Political Character of the Classical Roman Republic, 200-151 B. C. The Journal of Roman Studies 74 (1984) 1-19. JSTOR. Web. 25 May 2010. Spielvogel, Jackson J. Western Civilization. 7th ed. Belmont, CA Thomson Wadsworth, 2009. Print.