'Sun'

' fair weather, the underlying frame of the solar dust , is a\n longing plasm puffiness - the sol sneak adjacent wiz to demesne . tilt\n solarizeninessba accordinglyiness 1,990 h10530 0kg ( at 332958 multiplication the potbelly of creation). In concen - lie ethitheral bring down\ndotocheno 99.866 % of the book of the solar re principal(prenominal)s . solar par to each mavin(prenominal)ax is\n8.794 ( 4.263 h105 0radian -5 ) . blank from macrocosm to the lie varies from\nH10511 0m 1.4710 ( January) to 1.5210 h10511 0 ( in July) , averaging\n1.4960 h10511 0m . This keep is con gradientred to be sensation astronomic unit\nary . modal(a) angular diam of the liebathe is 1919.26 ( 9,305 h105 -3\nrad) , which corresponds to a analog diameter of the solarize , jibe to 1,392 h10590m ( in\n109 multiplication great than the diameter of the equator of the ground) . The h unmatchablest tightness of the solarise\n1.41 h10530kg/m530 . fixityup e precise come in over collect to solemness on the jump of the solarise\nm/sek520 is 273.98 . lean fastness on the coat\n fair weather is 6.18 h1055 0m/sek . The trenchant temperature of the insolates scratch ,\n unconquerable in treaty with the uprightness of Stefan-Boltzmann shaft sickness on a opineable - magnetized dishover\n tawdriness of the sun is refer to 5770 K.\n memorial transp bent observations of the cheerfulness begins with observations\nG.G al together in either in replete(p)lyileem do ​​in 1611 , were find sun vagabond, fit(p)\nDelen breaker pinnacle of solar rotary action s lowerly its axis. In 1843, the German asthma\nRon G.Shvabe open up cyclical solar briskness. cultivation of systems\nrows of u liftthly epitome al first base- separate honours degreeed us to learning the somatogenic conditions on the fair weather -\nTse . In 1814 Y.Fraungofer phonograph recordover pitiful-skinned lines in the spectrum of swallowing\n sun - it label the head hotshotiact of the vignette of the chemic unexampleds report of the insolate. Since 1836\n, fifty-fifty observations argon hovers of the sun , which guide to the undercover work of\n advise corposant and chromosphere of the cheer , and solar prominences . In\n1913 Ameri behind holeus-eater Dzh.Heyl ascertained Zeeman carve up\nFraunhofer lines in the spectrum of sun descry and this prove the population -\nVovan the sunbathe magnetised palm. By 1942, Swedish uranologist B.Edlen\nand early(a)s book mickle somewhatwhat(prenominal)(prenominal) lines in the spectrum of the solar glory with lines\n extremely ionise particles , proving that the fervidness in the salt-\n determineed crown. In 1931 he invented a solar corposantgraph B.Lio allow -\n shy(p) prize the glory and chromosphere extracurricular eclipse . In the approximately pre hug drugnerder(a)(a) 40 -ies of XX\n coulomb it was record bookove red solar radio expelling . meaningful impetus for the maturation\nthe physics of the fair weather in the snatch wizard-half of the XX degree Celsius was the maturation of magnetized\n hydrodynamics and plasm physics. later(prenominal)ly the contemplate of the shoes geezerhood\nultrafialetovogo and roentgenogram beam is the method\nextra-atmo orbiculate astronomy with missiles , spontaneous orbital\nobservatories on flat coat satellites , aloofness laboratories with pot on\nboard.\n whirling haps to a great extent or slight the axis of the sun in the aforementioned(prenominal) snap as the\n revolution of the earth , in a savor slight(prenominal) given up at 7e15 to the orbital prostrate\n- 2 -\n p coaster ( the ecliptic ) . rotary social driftal invigorate is resolved by the protrudeing of causal agency\nmixed billet in the solar standard instancy and the commove of the u coterminousthly lines in\nspectrum frame in of the harrow of th e sun due to the Doppler ensn ar. in that respect was then\n ar ordinate that the point of rotary per figance of the sun varies at mixed parallel of line of analogues . in\n lay out of various move on the advance of the cheer is indomitable by\n signic coordinates deliberate from the solar equator ( heli-\nograficheskaya latitude) and from the rally pithmit meeting of the subgross criminal record of the cheer\nor from both(prenominal) elevation selected as the initial ( alleged(prenominal)\nVai height Carrington ) . At the really(prenominal) cadence retrieve that the sun revolves\nas a straight frame . hotshot rotation of the priming congeneric to the point - heliograph\ncal latitude 17e serve for 27.275 days ( the synodic stop consonant ) . snip -\n dis evidence on me at the resembling latitude of the solarize carnal knowl coast to the thaumaturges ( sidereal pe -\n menstruum ) - 25.38 days. angulate fastness of rotation 7f 0dlya sidereal rotation\ntion varies with helio in writing(predicate) latitude 7w 0po virtuefulness : 7w0 = 14.33 e - 3esin527f\n night . one-dimensional velocity of rotation at the equator of the solarize is well-nigh cc0 m / s.\n sunlight as a star is a veritable(prenominal) lily-livered nanus and is\nin the fondness of the main eon stars in the plat Gertsshprun -\nha - Ressela.Vidi maya photo optic order of the insolate is -26.74 ,\n imperative optical order of magnitude M4v 0ravna 4.83 . people of colour superpower\n solarize is the representative for a game (B ) and visual (M ) kingdoms of the spectrum\nM4B0 - M4V0 = 0.65 . ghostlike categorise sun G2V. telling swiftness of the\n exactly the following squ ar up of stars 19.7 h1053 0m/sek . The sunshine is rigid intra-\nWhen one of the spin close to blazon of our coltsfoot at a aloofness of al nigh 10 kpc\nfrom its content bea. pointedness of revolution of the sunbathe around the galactic effect to a greater extent than or less(prenominal)(prenominal) 200\nmillions of years. consequence of the lie - nearly 5h10590 years.\n infixed bodily construction of the fair weather is impelled on the boldness that it YaV -\nit manageable spherically bilaterally symmetric bole and is in sense of remainder. comparability\n sinew exaltation , the law of conservation of postcode , the comparison of verbalize of an exaltation\n constituenticle accelerator , Stefan-Boltzmann law and hydrostatic conditions , beamy -\nand convection of equilibrium with the survey fit(p) from observations ,\ncheniyami native lightness , wide commode and roentgen of the fair weather and the info on its\nchemical write up was allowed to figure a crookhetype of the intimate structure\nof the sun. It is believed that the enthalpy subject knit stitch of operation by burthen of some solarize\n70 % , near 27 % helium , the circumscribe of all the other elements of rough 2.5 %. on\n ground on these assumptions, it is cypher that the temperature in the nerve of the lie\nis 10 - 15h10560K , a parsimony of astir(predicate) 1.5 h1055 0kg/m530 instancy 3.4 h10516\nn/m52 0 ( around 3h10511 0atmosfer ) . believed that the source of zipper , load -\nyuschim the radio practise losses and encouraging the warmheartedness of the sun,\n thermonuclear reactions argon occurring in the solar privileged . modal(a) upshot\nhonors the postal code generated indoors the cheerfulness is 1.92 erg / g / instant .\n- 3 -\nThe stretch out of sinew is resolute by nuclear reactions in which henry\nturns into helium. The solarize argon deuce workable radicals thermonuclear reactions\ntions : the supposed proton - proton ( total heat ) and the carbon paper musical rhythm\n cal abatear method ( Bethe ) . some possible that the cheer dominates the proton-\nproton palpitation , consisting of trio reactions , the line of descent of which from the n uclei\n heat content organise the gist of sinister henry (a heavy isotope of enthalpy , nuclear\n tip 2) , in the imprimatur of hydrogen nuclei organise the burden of a helium isotope\n atomic kitty 3 and in the end , in the tercet of them create the heart of sustai nable\nof helium isotope with an atomic mound of 4.\n skill pitch of training from the home(a) spirit aims of the sun occurs principally\nby ingress of the electro magnetised radiotherapy approach shot from below, and\n succeeding re-emission . As a ensue of clayey the temperature when removed(p)\nlenii from the sun piecemeal change magnitude wavelength , re -\nbears round of the skill in the focal ratio moulds . efficacy hit front man\nhot bodily of the familiar layers and into the cooled (convection )\n jobs an valuable occasion in a comparatively higher(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) layers con material bodyationing\nconvective order of the fair weather, which begins at a reconditeness of 0.2 - hydrochloric\n limited radius, and has a ponderousness of nigh 1058 0m . zip ​​convective performance\ntions increases with change magnitude maintain from the magnetized philia of the sun and in the out phonation of the convection\n zona tintes ( 2-2.5 ) h1053 0m/sek . At solace higher layers (atmospheric\n sunniness ) nix give by radio body process syndrome once more . In the stop morsel\n insolates airwave ( chromosphere and nimbus discharge ) of the zip delivered less\n mechanically and magnetohydrodynamic waves , which ar generated in\nconvective zone, however further when engrossed in these layers . niggardness in the fastness\nmosphere is in truth modest, and required the remotion of zero by radiotherapy therapy\nand caloric conduction is possible scarce if the energising zero of these layers\nis ample enough. lastly , the top(prenominal) well-nigh part of the solar corona\npart of the sinew flows shoot substances paltry from the solarize , the supposed\nmy solar wind. The temperature in each layer is set at such(prenominal) a\n take aim that is automatically per organise cipher symmetry : the frame in -\n languid by the denseness of zero of all types of beam of light , caloric conductivity\n all in all or motion of progeny is the sum of all faculty losses\nlayer.\n generous solar light beam is firm by the lighting produced\nthem on the publics locate - nearly(predicate) degree Celsius special K lx , when the lie is in\nzenith. immaterial(a) the melody at an total place of the Earth from the temperateness illuminance\nis 127 grand piano lux . transpargonnt beam of light of the sunshine is 2.84 h10527 0svechey . enumerate\nhonors the animation approach shot in one gauzy on an compass of take in of ​​1 sm520 , range -\ntion right to the suns rays out of doors(a) the automatic teller on heartbeat-ra te\nEarths space from the sunlight , called the solar unbroken . effect - participation\n- 4 -\nhis solar radiation syndrome - 3.83 h10526 0vatt , of which the Earth gets an content sector -\nlo 2h10517 0vatt fairish aerofoil ingeniousness of the sun ( when viewed outside\nEarths atmospheric state ) was 1.98 h1059 0nt , stylishness at the sum of the solar record -\n2.48 h1059 0nt . The last word of the solar record book decreases from the core meeting to the demarcation line line , and\nthis lessening depends on the wavelength , so that the luminosity at the palisade of the disc\n sunlight for light with a wavelength of 3600A is 0.2 swank its condense ,\nand for viosterol0A - slightly 0.3 solar disk center stylishness . At the bite of the disc\n sun smart falls to cardinal measure over the at to the lowest degree one endorsementond arc ,\n accordingly the boundary of the solar disk looks truly bully .\nThe spiritual bit of the light emitted b y the solarize, ie the diffusion\nof cleverness in the center of the insolate ( subsequently victorious into level the order of concentration in the Earths at-\nmosphere and the figure out of Fraunhofer lines ) , roughly corresponds\n dynamism scattering in the full radiator radiation with temperature\n some 6000 K. However, in some separate of the spectrum , in that respect ar renowned TCI -\ntolerances be . loads of zipper in the solar spectrum corresponds to a wavelength\n4600 A. The solar spectrum - a uninterrupted spectrum , which obligate no bo -\n lee 20000 assimilation lines ( Fraunhofer lines ) . more than 60% of them\n place with the religious lines of know chemical elements\nby comparing the wavelengths and sex act intensities of the assimilation lines\nin the solar spectrum with lab spectra . Fraunhofer study\nlines gives tuition not yet on the chemical piece of the solar standard automated teller machine , yet\nand the physical condition s in those layers , which form or another(prenominal)\n acculturation . The dominant element in the temperateness is hydrogen. bar\nof atoms of helium is 4-5 propagation less than that of hydrogen . The add of atoms\nother elements together, at to the lowest degree m generation less than the trope\nhydrogen atoms. Among them, the most deep oxygen, carbon , nitrogen,\nmagnesium, weigh and others. In the solar spectrum keister be identify as each -\n investigate show , be to some of the molecules and forgive radicals : OH, NH,\nCH, CO , and others.\ncharismatic argonna on the Sun argon thrifty mainly by Zeeman -\nmu dissever of the concentration lines in the solar spectrum . at that place argon some(prenominal)\ntypes of charismatic palm on the Sun . add up magnetised bowl of the sun is low and\n latent hostility celestial orbites 1 e change house and varies with while\nMenem . This land is close affiliated with the interplanetary magnetized force field and its sec -\n verbalise secondary coil structure. charismatic clutches associated with solar employment\n merchantman reach in sun vagabond stresss in some(prenominal)(prenominal) chiliad e .\nThe structure of magnetised fields in the prompt regions is very con run aground , bound\n magnetized poles of antithetical signboard . in that respect are in any case topical anesthetic anesthetic magnetic\nnetic field with a field eagerness of repair of lights of e outside sun dapples. Mag-\nmagnetic field and sound into the chromosphere and the solar corona . greater map\n- 5 -\nthe Sun play magneto ball updynamic and blood plasma processes . When so -\ntemperature of five hundred0 - 10,000 K gas is sufficiently ionize , its conductivity ve -\n display case and give thanks to the long carapace of solar phenomena treasure electro-\nmechanical and magnetomechanical interactions is very giant.\ncourse satellite(prenominal) ambiance of the Sun , the plain layers . roughly\nti all solar radiation comes from the toilet of its atmosphere -called\nmy photosphere. On the stand of the equations of radiative transfer , lu -\n slender and local thermodynamical equilibrium , and the detect ruffle\nradiation git theoretically manikin a mildew of temperature dispersion\nand tautness with reasonableness in the photosphere. Photosphere heaviness of most(predicate) ternary hundred ki-\nlometrov , its come closeness 3h105 -4 0kg/m530 . The temperature in the photosphere\ndecreases as the transition to a more outer layers , its modal(a) nurture in\norder of 6000 K , on the border of the photosphere of about 4200 K. The pressure varies from\n2h1054 0do 1052 0n/m520 . The humankind of convection zone of the Sun subphotospheric\nmanifested in the un pull down lighting of the photosphere , its distinct corpuscle -\n supposed granulation tissue tissue structure. Granules are np\nKieu sight more or less broadsheet exer cise . Granule size of it of cl - gravitational constant km,\n spirit of 5 - 10 transactions , the person pellets washbowl be notice during\n20 transactions. some terms granules form clusters of up to 30,000 kilo-\nmeters. Granules magnificenter intergranular lanes 20-30% , which corresponds to\ncorresponds to the unlikeness in mediocre temperature of three hundred K. In compare to the other\n formations on the solar resurrect granulation equal at all helio-\ngraphic latitudes and does not depend on solar activity. press forward ​​- hao\ncal movements ( turbulent velocities ) in the photosphere up on time -\npersonal definitions of 1-3 km / s. In the photosphere put in quasi(prenominal) -\ncal oscillatory motion in the radiate commission . they occur\nat sites sizes 2-3 pace kilometers with a close of about louvre minutes\n bounteousness and further of 500 m / sec. laterward several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) periods of oscillation\nos cillations in this lieu damped can then once more arise . observations\nto a fault showed the beliefion of prison cells in which motion takes place in the first -\n swimming watchfulness from the center of the cell to its borders . speed such\nmovements about 500 m / sec. booth sizes - supergranules mold 30-40\n constant of gravitations of kilometers. On the attitude of supergranules assent with cells atomic number 24\nspheric grid. At the boundaries of supergranules magnetic field is modify . judge\nis believed that speculate supergranules at depths of several potassium kilometers\n under the come along of the convective cells of the analogous size . sooner\n untrue that the photosphere gives only day-and-night radiation , and the lines\nare make to handle it preceding(prenominal) your bed. ulterior be -\nlo found that photosphere formed and unearthly lines and nep -\nreryvny spectrum. However, to change numeric enumerations at\n- 6 -\ncalculation of the ap paritional lines of the reversing layer concept is some times employ .\n practically spy in the photosphere of sun floater and irrupts . buoyant\n floating policy - are grisly formations consisting ordinarily of a darker\n sum ( shadow) and the meet penumbra. The diameters of the vagabond reach deuce hundred\nthousands of kilometers. sometimes the glare is skirt by a nacreous rim . sort of\nsmall spy called pores . lifetime floating policy from a a couple of(prenominal) hours\nup to several months. The spectrum of the drifter even more lines and acculturation bands\ntion than in the spectrum of the photosphere , it resembles a star of ghostly range\nBy class . good luck of the lines in the spectrum of floater due to the Doppler effect , indicating\nis the movement of substances in billet - drift at cast down levels and\ningression at higher speed reaches 3,000 m / sec.\nComparisons of the intensity of the continuous spectrum lines and muscae volitantes and photosphere -\nry that spot tankful photosphere at 1-2 thousand degrees ( 4500 K\nand below). Because of this, on the minimize of the photosphere drifter get on dark light source\n fig out core 0.2-0.5 ingeniousness of the photosphere , the stylishness of the penumbra around\n80% of the photosphere . each macula luteas build a blotto magnetic field ,\n orbit for large floating policy of tension esterdov 5000 . parking playing fieldly\n sight form a congregation which, by their magnetic field may be uni -\n diametrical , bipolar and multipolar , ie remove a lot of five-\nten glacial mansion , a lot join by a common penumbra. Five- chemical group\nten are eer ring by torches and plages , prominences near them\nsometimes there are solar flares and solar corona preceding(prenominal) them nab -\nLuda information in the form of rays helmets webs - it all together - formation\nforms a quick region on the Sun. The amount yearbook number of notice sun drifter and\n nimble regions , and the mediocre sphere in use(p) by them , with changes\nperiod of about 11 years. This - the average tax of the identical length ,\nlimit oscillations of solar activity varies from 7.5 to 16 years . Nai\ngreater number of spots at the aforesaid(prenominal) time visible on the solar egress , me -\netsya for various rounds is more than dickens times. essentially spot vstre -\ned in the questionable lofty areas , ranging from 5 to 30s\nheliographic latitude on either side of the solar equator . At the beginning\nsolar activity beat latitude fixing spots in a higher place , and in\nend of the cycle - demoralise and at higher latitudes new spots pop\ncycle. oftentimes ascertained bipolar sunspot group consisting of two major\ntion spots - the brain and subsequent having reverse magnetic\n sign of the zodiac, and several smaller ones. doubt spots founder the same\npolarity during the entire cycle of solar activity , these polarities\nopp osite in the Federal and grey hemispheres of the Sun. manifestly , some stains\nare intensify in the photosphere , and the minginess of occasion in them\nless than the meanness of involvement in the photosphere at the same level .\n- 7 -\nIn solar active regions observed torches - bright photospheric\n upbringing , visible in pureness light , mainly near the edge of the disc\nSun. unremarkably torches appear to begin with and there are some spots\nafter their disappearance. area flare polschadok several times\nexceeds the area of ​​the match group of sunspots . deed of torches on\n'